Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat and philosopher. He worked as a civil servant and diplomat in the country. Moreover, he visited foreign countries and observed their political system. At that time, Italy was under a political crisis. To see Italy peaceful and strong like France and Britain, he wrote a book, “The Prince”. This book was advice to the new prince on how to acquire power and how to maintain it.
Talking about Human Nature, he says that in general “men are ungrateful, deceivers, fearful of danger ang greedy for gain.” Furthermore, human nature is quarrelsome, therefore a prince is needed to preserve peace.
Now, he advises the Prince on how to preserve his position and power, through Virtue. Machiavelli, pointed out the following qualities of the Virtue for his Prince;
Fortuna: Do not rely on fortune or misfortune, but be foresighted.
Conventional Morality: For him virtue is power and power is virtue. Therefore, he shouldn’t hesitate to use all evil means for the conservation of his power like killing, cheating, deceiving, etc.
Nobility/Elite: The noble class always struggle to have a share in power and get united with the enemy of the Prince for their interest. Therefore, be a fox and lion at a time. Moreover, if any noble man deceits or revolts, kill him and leave none of his family members.
Common citizen: Common people (middle and poor class) are best to be relied upon. They are honest, feared, weak and innocent. Be polite with them, don’t touch their land and women. If needed, ask the subordinates to punish. In case of revolt, crush them but in a limited way, to prevent greater violence. It is better to be feared than be loved, because love is temporary and fear is permanent.
Neighboring States: Always prepare yourself with an equipped army. Moreover, the army should be composed of common men instead of mercenary.