Fred Riggs was a French political scientist and known for his work in comparative Public Administration. He presented a model to understand the under-developing society and malpractices by public administration, especially the role of bureaucracy and incompetency of politicians. He predicted this model by presenting the example of prism.
He referred prism as a tool to transform society from underdeveloped phase to developed phase. Hence, the period during this changing phase is developing phase. He named the society as fused, prismatic and diffracted.
Before passing through prism: Fused
During passing through prism: Prismatic
After passing through prims: Diffraction
Fused society: Kingship
Prismatic society: Bureaucracy is dominated
Diffracted society: developed state
He further discussed prismatic society. One who is closer to administration get more benefit. Bureaucracy works for its own interest. Although administration becomes more powerful and capable but administration becomes inefficient. Bureaucrats make public policies because of incapability of politicians. Favoritism and nepotism prevail.