Kashmir issue | History & Solution

Kashmir was ruled by Afghan Durran and in 1819 was conquered by the Sikh Empire under Ranjit Sindh. Following the first Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Kashmir was ceded under the Treaty of Lahore to the East India Company, which transferred it to Gulab Singh (in 7.5 million nansakhee rupees) through the Treaty of Amritsar. From 1846 till the partition of India, Kashmir was ruled by Maharaj Gulab Singh's Dogra Dynasty as a princely state under British. The British managed defense, foreign affairs and communications and stationed a British Resident in Srinagar to oversee the internal administration.

According to the 1941 census, the state's population was 77% Muslim, 20% Hindu and 3% others (Sikhs and Buddhists). The Muslim majority suffered under the high taxes of the administration and had few opportunities.

After partition, princely states were to choose whether to join India or Pakistan or remain independent. Maharaja Hari Singh choosed 3rd option. When Muslim population demanded to join Pakistan, Maharaja suppressed them with Hindu Dogra troops including members of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh). Brutal killings of Muslims resulted in rebellion by Muslims of western districts of Jammu and Kashmir against the Maharaja. Pakistan's border Pashtun tribal men entered into Jammu and Kashmir to help the vulnerable Muslims. They soon controlled most of the western parts of the state and formed a provisional Azad Kashmir Government on 24.10.1947.

Being helpless, Maharaja asked India for help, but the government of India required accession to send troops. Accordingly, the Maharaja signed a provisional instrument of accession on 26 Oct 1947, which was accepted by Governor General Lord Mountbatten the next day. Only defense, foreign affairs and communications were ceded to the Government of India, and others to be discussed after the state is cleared of the invaders. While the Government of India accepted the accession, it added the provision that it would be submitted to a reference to the people after law and order prevails. Since only the people, not the Maharaja, could decide where the Kashmiris wanted to live; it was a provision of accession. In the north of the state, Gilgit-Baltistan was joined to Pakistan according to the wishes of its inhabitants.

Moreover, in response to Indian Forces, Pakistan nationals joined Pashtun Tribals for helping the vulnerable Muslims. Being helpless to halt the invasion, the Government of India went to the United Nations.

United Nations Security Council passed its Resolution 47 in April 1948, which resulted in a ceasefire and ceasefire line(LOC-Line of Control in 2-July 1972 Shimla Agreement after 1971 Indo-Pak war) between India and Pakistan. India gained roughly 2/3rd of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh) and Pakistan gained roughly 1/3rd third of Kashmir (Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir).

Moreover, UNSC established a Commission and instructed it to go to the subcontinent to help the Government of India and Pakistan to restore peace and prepare for a plebiscite to decide the fate of Kashmir.

The Commission recommended a three step process:

1. Pakistan was asked to withdraw all nationals.

2. India was asked to reduce its forces to a minimum level required for law and order.

3. India was asked to appoint a plebiscite administrator nominated by the UN, who would conduct a free and impartial plebiscite.

Through Presidential Order 1950, Indian Government gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir under Article-370 of the Indian Constitution, conferring it with the power to have a separate Constitutional Assembly to make a separate Constitution (would define that to what extent the Indian Constitution would apply to the state), a state flag and autonomy over the internal administration of the state. Moreover, The Presidential Order 1954 added Article-35A under Article-370, which empowered the state legislature to define "permanent residents" of the state and provide special rights and privileges like; the ability to sale/purchase land and immovable property; vote and contest elections; government employment; higher education; and health care.

After the Indo-Pak war of 1971, both the Governments signed the Shimla Agreement on 02 July, 1972. According to it, both the countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".

On 5 August 2019, the Government of India issued a Presidential Order(Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Bill, 2019), superseding the 1954 order to abolish Article 35A.

Why is the Kashmir dispute not resolved yet?

• Lack of unity within the Kashmir resistance: Kashmiri resistance divided between Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and Hizbul-Mujahideen, and some others. JKLF wants independence but Hizbul-Mujahideen wants the implementation of UN Resolution of Kashmir and eventual accession to Pakistan.

• Indian Intransigence: India is using delaying tactics to implement the UN Resolution regarding plebiscite. Moreover, India wants to change the LOC into an international border. Moreover, India has refused any kind of mediation in the pretext of Shimla Agreement's provision that Kashmir dispute will be resolved through bilateral negotiations. Furthermore, India has labeled the Kashmiri freedom fight as terrorism at international forums.

• Unbalanced Pakistan policy: Pakistan hadn't maintained a long-term policy regarding Kashmir dispute. Moreover, Muslilm world has never openly supported Pakistan in this regard. However, the Shimla Agreement has sabotaged the resolution of the Kashmir issue.

• Inhospitable International Environment: UNO has shown non seriousness since the first day because of strong trade relations of India with USA and European countries.

Solutions and constraints over them:

• Independence: An idea favored by JKLF, but rejected by Hizbul-Mujahideen (dominant group). Moreover, Independence is thought as the third option by India and Pakistan, because India, Pakistan and China believe that an independent Kashmir would set a bad precedent for the balkanization of other restive areas of ethnic minorities in their respective states, and would become the hot bed of Western powers.

• Division: India favors the division of Kashmir along the present Line of Control, but this proposal is not acceptable to Kashmiris and Pakistan. Another option is to divide on religious grounds, which seems much better and practicable because Kashmir's population is much polarized on religious grounds.

• UN Trusteeship: Some scholars want to put Kashmir under trusteeship of the UN for five or ten years, to arrange a plebiscite. But Past record of the UN is not good in settling issues of third world countries like Iraq, Palestine etc. Moreover, both the countries would not agree on it.

• UN Resolution: UNSC's Resolution of April 21, 1948 proposed a package deal comprising three sections; withdrawal of forces, plebiscite and interim government in Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan raised several objections to the plebiscite scheme.

Conclusion: Kashmir has been a bone of contention between two nuclear countries polarized in the name of the religion. It is the duty of the United Nations, European Union, Russia, China and Muslim world to resolve the Kashmir issue for the sake of international peace. Various solutions have been tried but failed. That’s why there is only one option left to apply; division on religious population base as of India in 1947.

Energy Crisis in Pakistan | Critical Analysis

Shortage of energy in Pakistan has been a hot issue since her birth. In contrast to the evils of the Cold War between the USA and Russia, there were some opportunities too, and the construction of dams in Pakistan was one among these. Pakistan has been facing an energy crisis for many years. High cost of fossil fuels has increased the energy price and caused an economic crisis.

There are multiple causes behind the energy crisis in Pakistan, some of these are the following;

• Poor economy since 1947

• Lack of political will

• High cost of fossil fuels

• Overpopulation

• Luxury lifestyle

• Electricity theft

• Less Dams

• Lag behind Science & Technology

• Absence of solar panel manufacturing industry in the country.

According to the NEPRA’s current report, Pakistan is generating energy from the following resources;

Source	Percent
Thermal (fossil fuels - oil, gas, coal, etc.)	63%
Hydro (Dams)	25%
Nuclear	6.5%
Renewable (solar, wind, biomass)	5.5%

To counter the energy crisis, the Government of Pakistan aims to achieve 60% energy from renewable resources and hydro power plants by 2030. In this regard, wind power plants are being installed in coastal areas of the country. It is pertinent to mention here that public and private buildings are converting to renewable energy i.e. solar energy. Moreover, net-metering policy by the government has encouraged the citizens to share their extra energy to the national grid.

For convenience, import duty tax has decreased or ended on renewable energy related material. Moreover, the government is subsidizing the renewable energy sector for the promotion of renewable energy in the country, so that the said target could be achieved by 2030.

     Furthermore, political will is the prerequisite to end the energy crisis in Pakistan. Current political activism by the youth of the country has proved that the public has started to participate in state affairs and for the development of the country. New dams are being constructed and soon they will be ready to bear the burden of heavy load. Moreover, the CPEC project will provide energy opportunities alongside economic opportunities. Although, manufacturing industries should be installed in the country for the construction of high quality solar panels at a low price.

      The above article covers the answers to the following past papers of CSS i.e. Current Affairs and Pakistan Affairs;

• Discuss the significance of renewable energy resources for Pakistan. (Pakistan Affairs-2021)
• Pakistan's energy crisis was due to the lack of strategy and political will. Discuss. (Pakistan Affairs-2020)
• What are the main causes of the energy crisis in Pakistan? What measure do you recommend to address it? (Pakistan Affairs-2019)
• Explore the option of alternative energy resources to overcome the energy crisis in Pakistan. (Pakistan Affairs-2017)
• Give a critical review of Pakistan Energy Policy 2013 – 2018. (Current Affairs-2019)
• Critically appreciate the decision making in Pakistan regarding the energy crisis in Pakistan. (Current Affairs-2014)
• Critically evaluate the causes of the Energy crisis in Pakistan and its consequences for the economic growth and social fabric in the country. (Current Affairs-2013)
• How can the energy crisis of Pakistan be resolved? (Current Affairs-2012)

World from Geostrategic to Geoeconomic

    In international relations, states make alliances on their national interests. In the 20th century, most of the states made alliances on geostrategic lines, especially military related matters. During the cold war, there were two blocs; Western led Nato alliance and USSR led Warsaw pact. After the dissolution of the USSR, America became the sole superpower - unquestioned over her actions.

    After 2010, China became the 2nd largest economy in the world, posing a challenge to American supremacy. BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) by China is the largest infrastructure development in the world covering about 130 states, including most of the Western states. It has negatively impacted the economy of America, which is declining day by day.

    China’s policies have attracted the foreign companies to establish their businesses in China. To end American monopoly over finance related matters, China has established “Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank”, in parallel to The World Bank. Through this bank, China is lending borrowings to the developing states connected via BRI for infrastructure development by Chinese contractors.

    America has pressured her allies to work on “Contain China” policy and to be limited with China. To counter BRI influence, G7 states have made an agreement to launch B3W (Build Back Better World) infrastructure development. It is pertinent to mention here that Pakistan has refused to host American military bases for surveillance in Afghanistan. Moreover, Pakistan is determined to complete the BRI project in Pakistan as CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor), which is the shortest way from China to the Indian Ocean via Gwadar port.

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Pakistan (CPEC)

    Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the world’s biggest project BRI for the inter-regional connectivity and promotion of the economic development. Belt and Road Initiated (BRI) earlier known as One Belt One Road (OBOR) was started in 2013 with an aim to be completed in 2049. Till now, 147 countries are signatory of BRI. China aims to be a superpower with the help of this project. On the other hand, USA (United States of America) want to sabotage this project, as a threat to its economy and challenge to its position.

Two parts: Land area rout is called Economic Belt, whereas, sea rout is called Maritime Silk Road.

Three Continents: Asia, Africa and Europe will be connected via this project.

Three Key Areas: International trade, infrastructure development and financial investment.

Six Corridors:

1. China-Mongolic-Russia Economic Corridor
2. China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor
3. Bangladesh-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor
4. Eurasia Land Bridge Economic Corridor
5. China Indo-China Economic Corridor
6. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): CPEC is a “Flagship Project” and “Buckle in the Belt” for the China due to its vital location. CPEC is shortest and safest trade route for China to reach Indian Ocean, Middle East, Gulf countries and international market, because China has conflict in South China See and Strait of Malacca. It will reduce the distance of China to reach Gulf countries from 16000Km to 5000Km and time duration from 45 days to 10 days only. Moreover, it will provide route to landlocked countries Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan.

    Under CPEC different projects like airports, special economic zones (SEZs), Expressways, Motorways, Highways, Railways, Bridges, Tunnels, Hospitals, Power Plants (Solar, Hydro, Wind and Coal), and Technical & Vocational institutes will be constructed in Pakistan. CPEC will improve Pakistan’s economy, provide jobs to the locals, supply of energy and trade route to international markets. Moreover, developments in Balochistan and North China Provinces will minimize or end the militancy and separatist elements in these regions. Pakistan and China will collaborate with each other in security related matters, which will eliminate Indian subversion (Kabhushan Jadev – An Indian spy captured from Baluchistan).  Pakistan-Iran pipeline will also be effective due to CPEC.

        It is pertinent to mention here that due to political turmoil, economic upheaval, militant elements, inter-provincial disharmony, Kashmir-conflict with India and international pressure by UK, USA and allies, CPEC is a challenging project for Pakistan. But, somehow, Pakistan is on the track. By the grace of Allah Almighty, the good days are not far away.

What is inflation & why it increased so much over past two years?

Inflation is the price hike over time period. It has been observed that past two/three years have seen too much inflation after a long time. There are multiple reason for price hike, but here we’ll discuss major reasons:

1. Coronavirus Pandemic & Lock-downs:
               Lock-downs due to COVID-19 created a sense of fear of non-availability of essential food items among people, resulting in pent-up demands. As a consequence, too much demand than usual, increase supply for a shorter time but decreased for a long time, which resulted in price hike of that items.
               Government expenditure over un-expected pandemic control decreased or diminish subsidies given to mitigate inflation.
2. Ukraine Invasion by Russia:
               Ukraine was the 4^th largest wheat exporter country in the world. Because of war, wheat export was affected and wheat price increased.
               Russia was the 2^nd largest crude oil exporting country. Its export affected because of sanctions over Ukraine war, which resulted in oil price hike. Surge in oil price increase transportation labour and as a consequence price hike.
3. Globalisation of inflation:
               Spanish Flue and World War-1 did not produce much inflation as of COVID-19 and Ukraine war. Why? Because, now world has become a global village and the change in one part of the world affects simultaneously other parts of the world.
4. Global Trade War:
               Trade war among the developed states is also a big reason behind the price hike globally.

Suggestions:

1. Government should go for long term remedy by encouraging/supporting renewable energy sources and agriculture. Government should encourage, support and motivate the businessmen to manufacture Solar Panels in country than to import it from foreign countries, which will decrease its price and increase its instalment.
2. Reduce or end tax on oil and electricity, and subsidise essential food items.
3. People should search for alternatives according the changing scenario. Dressing, ceremonies, luxuries should be according to the inflation hike.
4. Public transportation should be expanded like in China to mitigate the petrol price hike.

What is Palestine-Israel conflict? How to settle the dispute? Causes and Suggestions

History:
During the WW1, British Government issued Balfour Declaration (2-November-1917), promising British support for a Jewish home in Palestine. This proposal was presented in British Cabinet by a Jewish cabinet member representing the ambitions of Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland, whom helped the British Government in war.
After the demolish of Ottoman Empire, Palestine was under the British Mandate from 1920. After the WW2, Jews were gathering in Palestine, and they struggled to establish a Jewish state and demanded the complete evacuation of British from Palestine. When British Government failed to reconcile both the Jews and Arabs, this problem was presented before newly established UN (United Nations). Saudi Foreign Minister Shah Faisal bin Abdul Aziz met with American President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of Crown Shah Abdul Aziz of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to convince him that do not give a piece of land to Jews in Saudi Arabia. He insisted that we did not killed, but Germans during World War 2 (Holocaust). American President assured him to vote in Arabs favor. But at UN forum American not only vote in favor of Israel but also lobbied in their favor. UNGA (United Nations General Assembly) proposed partition plan in 1947; establishment of an independent Arab State and an independent Jewish State and city of Jerusalem under the Trusteeship of UN until its final solution. This Proposal was rejected from both parties, but Jewish went to heights of insurgency against British nationals, especially abdication and execution of British nationals. These brutal actions by Jewish community forced British to announce that British Mandate would ended on 15 May 1948.
On 14 May 1948, Jewish Zionist Agency declared the establishment of Jewish state "Israel". On the following day, four Muslim countries(Egypt, Syria, Iran and Transjordan) armies along with some other Arab Muslim countries people entered to the former British Mandatory Palestine to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state. But the resistance by Jewish militants did not let them to accomplish their invasion. Israel won thin fight because many Jews who were fighting for decades in WW1 and WW2 were highly trained with latest weapons and experience of war. After a year's fight, a ceasefire agreement was declared and Green Line was declared a temporary border. East Jerusalem and West bank were annexed by Jordan, Gaza Strip was annexed by Egypt. Muslim world did not accept Israel as a state and labelled it as an illegal occupation of Palestine land.
Israel joined UN with a majority vote on 11 May 1949. From Europe, Middle East and all over the world Jews started to migrate to settle in newly Jewish state (Israel), for a better life and fear of Holocaust. Conflicts with Palestinians is a routine matter of Israel. 
On 19 July 1956 US(United States of America) and UK(United Kingdom) refused to finance for the Aswan Dam in Egypt, in response to Jamal Abdul Nasser's non-alignment in Cold War. Jamal Abdul Nasir nationalized the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 to generate economy for the construction of dam. On the same day Jamal Abdel Nasser closed the straits of Tiran to stop shipments of Israel.
With the help of UK and France, Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. Israel withdrew its forces after the UN resolution with the insurance to Straits of Tiran remain open and its closer in the future will be an invitation of war.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded on 28 May 1964, sole legitimate representative of Palestinian people. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) enjoys the official government status in State of Palestine.
On 22-23 May Jamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to prevent Israel ships. This led to six days Arab-Israel War from 5 June to 10 June 1967. After the war Israel captured Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, East Jerusalem and West Bank from Jordan and Golan Heights from Syria. This victory of Israel over Arabs was only because of Americans support. Arabs decided to make a plan to revoke American influence in future. During Arab Israel war in 1973, America supported Israel with latest war technology and weapons. King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia decided to work on his plan, which he made with Arab oil producing states after six-day war. They jointly suspended the oil supply to America and other European countries. After a grave situation of American economy and European pressure, America hurried to reconcile his relations with Arabs. USA went to Israel to settle the dispute. After American negotiations an agreement was signed between Egypt and Israel, which gave Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. In 1979, a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel, Egypt becoming the first Arab country to recognize Israel.
After the Donald Trump's so called peace deal of the century (recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital) relations were deteriorated. Present American President Joe Biden reversed most of Trump's polies but left the capital issue. Now the most worried issue is of occupied Palestinian land i.e. Gaza and West Bank. What would be the future of Gaza and West Bank? Residents of West Bank and Gaza are suffering after six day war of 1967. Israel is settling Jews in occupied land and annexed it with herself.

Why Arab Failed(Reasons)? Analysis:

• Arab division on Arab Nationalism and Saudi-Iran tilt
• British and American Support to Jewish community
• Weapons and Technology supremacy of Israel
• Cold War

Why Arab is normalizing her relations with Israel gradually? (Facts):

• Arab's declining economy - Oil trade
• Direct relations without a third party(US & UK) for monetary needs
• Saudi Arabia new vision under Crown Prince Muhammad Bin Salman to introduce casinos, beach parties and cinemas

How to resolve Palestine Issue? (Suggestions):

• Arab Unity
• Two state solution (Constraints over border line and existing Jews settlement in occupied Palestine)
• Bilateral Agreements
• International Law to recognize border on pre 1967 war lines
• Palestinian unity under one political party (Hamas vs Palestinian Authority conflict)

(Note: In this article you would learn the real cause and constraints over Arab Palestine-Israel conflict and issue. Why Israel is stronger than Arabs? Why Arabs especially Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates is normalizing her relations with Jewish illegal State Israel? How to resolve the conflict? What are benefits and constraints over one state or two state solution in the light of UN Resolution?)

What is OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation)?

What is OIC (Organization of the Islamic Cooperation)? Why OIC proved incompetent to safeguard Muslim Ummah from Western interference and attacks on Muslim states? What are the reasons and causes behind OIC's failure? How to improve this organization? Suggestions to improve the performance of OIC and bring it to the level of contemporary world top organizations like UN(United Nations).

An Intergovernmental Organization

Established: 25-09-1969

HQ and Permanent Secretariat: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Official Languages: Arabic, English, French

Member States: 57 (56 of which are UN members except Palestine)

Current Secretary General: Yousaf Al-Othaimeen (KSA)

Has Permanent delegations to UN(United Nations) and EU(European Union)

History:

        On 21 August 1969 a fire incident in Masjid Al-Aqsa by an Israeli.

    On 25 September 1969, 24 Muslim majority countries representatives(mostly heads of state) met in Rabat, Morocco, on the invitation of former Mufti of Jerusalem. A resolution was passed in this Islamic Conference summit, stating that: "Muslim governments would cooperate and mutual assist each other in the economic, scientific, cultural and spiritual fields, inspired by the immortal teachings of the Islam". Thus it was a collective voice of Muslim World and protection of the Holy Places of Islam was the sole aim of the organization.

    First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers of Muslim countries was held on 1970 in Jeddah. In 1972, the Organization of the Islamic Conference was founded

    2nd Summit and 1st Extraordinary Summit was held on 23-24 February 1974 in Lahore.

    On 5 August 1990, 45 foreign ministers of the OIC adopted the "Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam" in response to "Universal Declaration on Human Rights" to guide Muslim member states about Human Rights, which are compatible with Sharia. But in March 2008, the OIC revised its charter related Human Rights. And the current charter of OIC is supporting Charter of United Nations and International Law without mentioning the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

    38th Council of Foreign Ministers held in Astana, Kazakhstan, on 28-06-2011. In this meeting the Organization of Islamic Conference changed its name to "Organization of Islamic Cooperation" and logo.

    In 1999, "Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states" was established in Tehran.

    The OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation) supports a two nation solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict, proposed by UN in 1947. Which was rejected by Muslim states earlier.

    The OIC's first Science and Technology Summit on 10-11 Sep 2017 is called Astana Declaration. Which commits member states to increase investment in Science and Technology, education, eradicate extreme poverty, and implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. The Islamic University of Technology was established in Bangladesh by the OIC.

    In 2017, the extraordinary meeting was held of OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation) named as "Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for Al-Quds", in response to Donald Trump's decision on recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's Capital.

    In December 2018 OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation) raised voice against Xinjiang's re-education camps for Muslims and other minorities, and Uyghur Muslims. All these allegations against Government of Peoples Republic of China were baseless and OIC delegation was satisfied after their visit to the concerned areas. In March 2019, the OIC published a report on human rights observations in China and praised for "providing care to its Muslim citizens".

    In September 2019, the OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation) condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans of annexation.

    India has never been given membership because of Pakistan. OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation) supported Pakistan in India-Pakistan conflict. After Pulwama attack, Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj was invited to participate in an OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation) summit to discuss India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir.

    UAE(United Arab Emirates) invited India as a guest of honor to attend the inaugural plenary 46th meeting of the OIC foreign ministers in Abu Dhabi on March 2019, despite protests by Pakistan.

    At the 34th meeting of OIC, Islamophobia was termed as the worst form of terrorism.

    The largest meeting, attended by the Kings and Heads of state convene every three years. Foreign Ministers meet once a year. Secretary General is elected by the Council of Foreign Ministers for a period of five years, renewable once.

Why OIC is ineffective and failed (Causes):

                                                                      Economy: OIC members covers 22% of the world population and has 2% GDP, 1.3% trade, 1.5% investment of the world, a meagre percentage in contrast to Japan's only GDP more than total GDP of combined OIC members.

Technology: OIC member states covers 70% energy resources and 40% raw material of the world, but their GDP is only 5% because they lag behind in technology.

Education: OIC members produce a very low percentage of PhDs each year which is 5 times less than India and 10 times less than UK only. None of their educational institute ranks in 100 top universities of the world. Muslim world lags behind Science and Technology because of insufficient educational structure. Pakistan suggested to form a multi-billion project to enhance Science and Technology in the past but this proposal was rejected by GCC(Gulf Cooperation Council) states, who could easily afford to fund this project alone.

Human Development: Half of population in member states lives below the poverty line. No Muslim country is in the top 40 of Human Development Index list.

Mixed causes:

                       According to the charter of OIC, Jeddah is a temporary headquarter of the organization and after the liberation of city of Al-Quds, Jerusalem will be permanent headquarter of the OIC. But after Israel's attacks on Muslims during Ramazan 2021 in Masjid Al-Quds, OIC remained silent on the cruelties by Israel forces. Israel is engulfing Palestine territory continuously and OIC is reluctant to take a stand.

    OIC failed to prevent civil wars going on in Muslim states. Sectarianism is at its peak in Middle East. Saudi Arabia and Iran at daggers drawn against each other.

Saudi's close ally UAE has normalized its relations with Israel and thwarted Pakistan's attempt to investigate human rights abuses in Kashmir by India at OIC platform. Saudi Arabia, a close ally of UAE did not made a statement against UAE's relation with Israel and hosting Indian Foreign Minister as a guest of honor but Kingdom strengthened its economic ties with India and stayed at back foot in Kashmir conflict. During Rohingya Muslim massacre, Saudi led OIC kept silence because of KSA and member state's economic interests in the region.

    OIC is headed and funded mostly by Arab countries especially Saudi Arabia. That's why it works on her will and take interest in those matters related to Arab states especially KSA. It doesn't takes interest in Palestine because of ideological difference between Palestine and Saudi Arabia.

    West, particularly USA is most powerful and has greater influence over OIC policies. As Arab is more dependent on West because of its oil trade and non-Arab OIC members are economical dependent on West. As UN's headquarter is USA(United States of America) and it follows American policy. OIC follows Saudi Arabia, but indirectly West(UN).

    OIC proved a theoretical organization but not political active. 

    56 member states out of 57 already members of UN. Thus they will not make any resolution contrary to UN. As Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam was rebuffed because of UN's stronger influence. Shortly, after CDHRI's inclusion in OIC's charter, OIC revised its charter and supported the UDHR(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) of UN. OIC supports the two state solution of Israel-Palestine issue (proposed by United Nations). It seems to be a sub-organ of UN.

    All member states of OIC are divided in multiple other organization like Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, Economic Cooperation Organization etc. which has decreased the influence and importance of OIC. This Arab and non-Arab prejudice made the organization ineffective.

    In 2020, Pakistan's Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi criticized OIC(Organization of Islamic Cooperation)' inefficient and ineffective role regarding Kashmir and Palestine issue, which was retaliated by Saudi Arabia in form of repay their loan and oil supply was suspended.

    OIC lacks military power to put its words into action. (IMCTC)Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition was established to prevent ISIS military interventions. But it is not organized and powerful military wing.

    OIC established many other subsidiary and affiliated agencies to support its manifesto, but these agencies failed to accomplish their task effectively as their parent organization.

    Since the establishment of OIC Islamic world has witnessed these attacks:

• Fall of Dhaka (1971)
• Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979)
• Iran-Iraq war (1980)
• Israel attack on Lebanon (1982)
• US invasion to Afghanistan (2001)
• Iraq occupation by US (2005) 

How to improve performance of OIC? (Suggestions):

• Intra OIC members Harmony

• Promotion of Intra OIC trade

• Excellency in Science and Technology

• Sovereignty to Allah Almighty than a rich monarch

• Sharia superiority in all decision except UN guidance

• Allocation of at least 1% of GDP by member states

(Note: In this article you will learn what is Organization of Islamic Cooperation? and why it failed? Reasons and causes behind its failure according to the CSS and PMS syllabus. These are latest notes for the competitive exams)